Objective And Functions Of Asset Liability Management Committee Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1656 Downloads: 29 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction ALM means asset liability management. ALM is defined as, the process of decision making to control risks of existence, stability and growth of a system through the dynamic balances of its assets and liabilities. ALM is the process involving decision making about the composition of assets and liabilities including off balance sheet items of the bank / FI and conducting the risk assessment. ALM is an integral part of the financial management process of any bank. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Objective And Functions Of Asset Liability Management Committee Finance Essay" essay for you Create order ALM is concerned with strategic balance sheet management involving risks caused by changes in the interest rates, exchange rates and the liquidity position of the bank. While managing these three risks forms the crux of ALM, credit risk and contingency risk also form a part of the ALM. ALM of the bank has 3 important pillars that are ALM information system ALM organization ALM process ALM information system ALM information systems job is to gather data and latest information and evaluate this information according to their needs. Computerize system ensure that all the require data is correct and in the fast way so that they can take the decision accordingly. ALM organization ALM organization means to identify the duties and structure of the members .Asset liability management committee (ALCO) is the policy and decision making component of the bank whose size depend upon the size of the bank. This is the very important department of the bank because they make the risk strategy and make sure the ALM implementation in the departments. Because ALCO is the very important and bone of the system so thats why they need to focus on the current news, information, laws, Government rules and market situation urgently so there meeting are arranged on short interval basis to determine the exact accurate and latest picture of the situation. By gathering this data they can make the strategy according to the situation which is very helpful for the bank. ALM process The ALM process consist of following categories Liquidity risk Management Management of risk market Funding and capital planning Profit planning and growth projection Trading risk management ALM objective Liquidity Risk Management. Interest Rate Risk Management. Currency Risks Management. Profit Planning and Growth Projection Liquidity risk Management Liquidity risk management means bank ability to meets its liabilities as they become due .Liquidity risk refers to the risk that the institution might not be able to generate sufficient cash flow to meet its financial obligations. So there duties are to make strategy these situations and make the policies to cover these risks and if these situations arise then how the bank will arrange funds, which suitable line will be used in particular situation. Liquidity risk management make sure this situation never happened because if it happen then it could be very harmful for the bank because if they fail to arrange money the whole system could collapse, reputation could be down and whole economic system can shake so that management is very important of an organization. Maturity Profile as given below used for measuring the future cash flows of banks in different time buckets. The time buckets given the Statutory Reserve cycle of 14 days may be distributed as under: i) 1 to 14 days ii) 15 to 28 days iii) 29 days and upto 3 months iv) Over 3 months and upto 6 months v) Over 6 months and upto 12 months vi) Over 1 year and upto 2 years vii) Over 2 years and upto 5 years viii) Over 5 years Interest Rate Risk It is the risk of having a negative impact on a banks future earnings and on the market value of its equity due to changes in interest rates Interest rate risk is the exposure of a banks financial condition to adverse movements in interest rates. Accepting this risk is a normal part of banking and can be an important source of profitability and shareholder value. However, excessive interest rate risk can pose a significant threat to a banks earnings and capital base. Changes in interest rates affect a banks earnings by changing its net interest income and the level of other interest-sensitive income and operating expenses. Changes in interest rates also affect the underlying value of the banks assets, liabilities and off-balance sh eet instruments because the resent value of future cash flows (and in some cases, the cash flows themselves) change when interest rates change. Accordingly, an effective risk management process that maintains interest rate risk within prudent levels is essential to the safety and soundness of banks. Forex Risk It is the risk of having losses in foreign exchange assets and liabilities due to exchanges in exchange rates among multi-currencies under consideration. Dealing is different currencies is profitable but risky as well. If the liabilities in one currency increase the level of the assets in the same currency is increase so you have to pay more so currency risk management peoples keep the eye on the market and economical activities to minimize this risk ALCO The Asset liability Committee (ALCO) consisting of bank senior management including the CEO for the decision of the business strategy of the bank on both asset and liability sides with the limit of the bank budget and design the best risk management objectives. The ALM desk staffs are responsible for preparing the reports and monitor the risk profile to the ALCO. They also analysie the market condition related to balance sheet and recommend the action needed to take by the bank within the budget ALCO decision making unit responsible for Balance Sheet planning from risk-return perspective which includes management of liquidity, interest rate and forex risks Pricing of deposits and advances, desired maturity profile etc. Monitoring the risk levels of the bank Review of the results and progress of implementation of decisions made in previous meeting Future business strategies based on banks current view on interest rates To decide on source and mix of liabilities or sale of assets To develop future direction of interest rate movements To decide on funding mix between fixed and floating rate funds, wholesale vs. retails deposits, short term vs. long term deposits etc. The ALCO board of directors has established both short and long-term capitalization goals to assure the ALMs solvency and to offer members competitive deposit and loan rates. The ALCO is responsible for regularly monitoring the capitalization objectives and to report significant deviations to the board. ALM will maintain a minimum equity capital to asset ratio of 8% to return on average net assets after regular dividends, operating expenses, net loan charge-offs, and realized investment gains/losses but before bonus dividends and incentive program payments. ALM may complete borrowing activities in order to leverage the equity capital and increase net interest income and related net income. Borrowing activity will be carefully orchestrated to match assets and liabi lities in transactions where loans or investments are purchased primarily with borrowed funds. MANAGEMENT OF RATE RISK The ALCO will determine the appropriate method for measuring interest rate risk within the ALM. In most cases, income simulation will be used for the analysis. The purpose of income simulation will be to test the integrity of the income stream against the normal and volatile movement of interest rates over time. ALMs balance sheet will be modeled and tested with the goal of identifying and reducing interest rate risk. The analysis for the normal movements of interest rates will be done at least quarterly. The analysis for the volatile movements of interest rates will be done semi-annually. The ALCO may choose to contract with an outside source to perform this analysis. The banks asset liability management is monitored through ALCO. ALCO attends the following issues while managing Balance Sheet Risks: (i) Review of actions taken in previous ALCO. (ii) Economic and Market Status and Outlook. (iii) Liquidity Risk related to the Balance Sheet. (iv) Review of the price / interest rate structure. (v) Actions to be taken. The ALCO Process An ALCO paper is produced every month (usually by the Finance Department) which covers various issues related to Balance Sheet risk management. The ALCO paper is prepared before the ALCO meeting as the committee reviews the ALCO paper to set strategies. The ALCO process or the ALCO meeting reviews the ALCO paper along with the prescribed agendas. The Chairman of the committee, that is the Treasurer or the CEO, raises issues related to the balance sheet. Treasurer suggests whether the interest rates need to be reprised, whether the bank needs deposits or advance growth, whether growth of deposits and advances should be on short or longer term, what would be the transfer price of funds among the divisions, what kind of interbank dependency the bank should have etc. In short, all issues related to liquidity and market risk are covered. Based on the analysis and views of the Treasurer, the committee takes decisions to reduce balance sheet risk while maximising profits. Action Points The ALCO takes decisions for implementation of any/all of the following issues:  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Need for appropriate Deposit mobilisation or Asset growth in right buckets to optimise asset-liability mismatch.  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Cash flow (long/short) plan based on market interest rates and liquidity.  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Need for change in Fund Transfer Pricing (FTP) /or customer rates in line with strategy adapted.  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Address to the limits that are in breach (if any) or are in line of breach and provide detailed plan to bring all limits under control.  ·Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Address to all regulatory issues that are under threat to non-compliance. Special ALCO Meeting Apart from the regular monthly meeting, ALCO meeting is also called as and when any contingent situations arise. A very good example may be, during the any special festival. At those times, market liquidity dries out and overnight rates shoot up. Banks who are net borrowers from the market may be exposed to huge interest expense the high rates in the market. This is an ideal time for a special ALCO meeting, where the committee may take critical decisions for deposit mobilisation on an urgent basis for reducing dependency from the market.

The American Dream By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1978 Words

The American Dream Since its production in 1925, F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel The Great Gatsby has ended up a standout amongst the most referred to, censured, and examined bits of fiction ever. It has frequently been portrayed as maybe the most striking anecdotal investigation of the age of the group noblemen and the social conditions that delivered them. No ifs, ands, or buts, it is an incredible representation of an age in American history when everything was conceivable, or if nothing else individuals thought it was. In his novel, Fitzgerald does not just portray the social, chronicled and financial conditions which drive his characters, however he additionally gives us a knowledge into the souls of his characters and the inside intentions which they use to legitimize their conduct and activities. The hidden reason for everything that happens in the novel is a thought, a thought towards which everybody endeavors and longs for. This thought is none other than the inescapable idea of the American Dream. The male and female characters of the story are arranged in distinctive implications of the American Dream and the main ones that appear who have accomplished it are Daisy and Tom Buchanan. The American Dream is a dream that has been available since American Literature. However, what precisely is this well known American Dream? Some may say that it is a journey for riches, flourishing and for the most part a high position in the public eye, while others may say that it isShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream By F. Scott Fitzgerald1134 Words   |  5 Pagescenturies, the interpretation and perception of the American Dream has changed considerably and frequently. From the vision of individual betterment in 1774, to African-American civil rights in 1963, the American Dream has and will continue to alter, as the country evolves. 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Imagine having to scratch and scrape your finger n Essay Example For Students

Imagine having to scratch and scrape your finger n Essay ails against the grind stone to scrounge around enough money to get by. Imagine not being able to pay your bills and put food on the table at the same time and then think about how these people felt knowing that there were people in a better economic situation that were only getting richer. Why is it that rich people always seem to have all the luck? In the novel Paper Moon by Joe David Brown, Addie and Long Boy Pray change that whole scenario. Theyre an example of your average run of the mill father-daughter con artist team. They take money out from under the noses of the rich and the poor without them even noticing it. They are both poor and rich at the same time. History seems to show that this was done by a small amount of people to remain prosperous in such desperate times. In the early thirties, people were either poor or rich. There was no middle class. The rich seemed to get richer while the poor just got poorer, there was no in between. The only thing the classes agreed upon was the fact that it was necessary to do anything they could to climb the financial ladder. Joe David Browns interpretation of peoples dishonest actions during desperate times in Paper Moon accurately reflects the insensitive attitudes of the wealthy during the 1930s. The wealthy and the poor came from different experiences and could not relate to each other. Therefore, the conceited attitudes of the wealthy caused them to look down upon the poor and blame them for the wrongs of society. For example, the poor felt compelled to steal in order to survive, Good people wept in frustration or turned to crime to feed their families (Katz pg.24).The poor were forced to get up and get jobs while the wealthy sat back and relaxed. The wealthy seemed to have an air about them that made them feel superior. In these rough times they did not realize the hardships that others seemed to be going through. Instead they condemned the desperate acts of the poor and made them appear inferior. The immoral attitudes of society during the 1930s caused people to lose their respect for the law. Consequently, the wealthy used their monetary power to solicit the law enforcement. For instance, Many officials knew they could make a lot more money in bribes than from their regu lar salaries (Napolo pg.42). Because of this absentee nature, many things like speakeasies were able to pass right under their noses. Those who had family members in law enforcement were able to jump away scot-free while others would pay the price for their actions. The wealthy only thought about how their bribes would effect them, not about how their illegal actions effect society. In a like manner, Long Boy and Addie evade the law many times in order to benefit their well being. After attempting to sell some bottles of stolen liquor the pair got arrested for bootlegging. Long Boy attempted to convince the Deputy that it was for a friend when the Deputy said, This big bootlegger hea!h claims he dont know the law.People of this time tried to avoid getting into trouble any way they knew how. The tragic effects of poverty on society caused those who were once wealthy to take on a false identity so as not to seem poor. The morals of society drag people into concealing themselves from o thers so as not to lose prestige in their circle of friends. For example while in line to receive soup, People looked down hoping their friends would not notice them (Katz pg.14). Poverty always seems to drive embarrassment into the hearts of people. People dont want others to see them in a state where they cannot even afford to feed or clothe themselves. This forced both the wealthy and the poor to hide their faces in shame.The over-exaggeration of the value of money caused the government to create a society that focused on wealth. As a result, many people during the Depression forcibly took action so as not to succumb to despair. Just as President

What type of music is most appealing free essay sample

In 1995, the British band Oasis came out with their second and by far most popular album, (Whats the Story) Morning Glory?. This was one of the major building blocks in the musical wonderland of alternative rock. Alternative rock is a midge podgy category of music that has the rhythm and accentuated backseat of classic rock and roll but is more defined by its unconformity. This genre of music appeals to me because of its unconventional style and variety and significantly reduced desire to conform.One of the major facets of alternative rock that makes it so appealing is the unique style and variety. It is not unusual for one artist to produce many hit albums each with a slightly different sound. Beginning in 1983 and still touring today, the Red Hot Chili peppers are a prime example Of this diversity within alternative rock. Their first album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, had a complex melodies with a strong baseline and simpler song structure. We will write a custom essay sample on What type of music is most appealing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These songs, including Get up and Jump, had a strong funk influences while still falling under the category of alternative rock.Compare this to their 9th studio album Stadium Arcadian, released in 2006. Keeping in character of the bands originality and out of the box style, this album was the most mellow of them all and had prominent psychedelic influences from the late ass. Due to so much unconformity many alternative rock bands dont have the large fan base that the Red Hot Chili Peppers have and are not as widely know. Its very common for many of these bands to have one hit wonders. Alternative rock is so appealing because the intent of the music isnt to be popular; it is a true expression of the artist or band as a collective group.Panic! At the Disco is a more recent band of the sass. Formed in 2004, they are mainly remembered for their two singles I Write Sins Not Tragedies and Nine in the Afternoon; both of which subsequently preceded their first two albums. Alternative rock really separates the boys from the men in the sense of commitment to their love of music;

Basic Information About Adult Education

Basic Information About Adult Education With so  many adults  returning to the classroom, the term adult education has taken on new meanings. Adult education, in the broadest sense, is any form of learning adults engage in beyond traditional schooling that ends in their 20s. In the narrowest sense, adult education is about literacy- adults learning to read the most basic materials. Thus, adult education encompasses everything from basic literacy to personal fulfillment as a lifelong learner and the attainment of advanced degrees. Andragogy and Pedagogy Andragogy is defined as the art and science of helping adults learn. Its distinguished from pedagogy,  the school-based education  traditionally used for children. Education for adults has a different focus, based on the fact that adults are: More self-directed and require less guidanceMature and bring more experience to the task of learningReady to learn and primed to learn what they need to knowMore oriented to learning that is problem-centered rather than subject-centeredMore internally motivated to learn Functional Literacy One of the primary goals of adult education is functional literacy. Organizations like the U.S. Department of Education and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) work tirelessly to measure, understand, and address adult illiteracy in the U.S. and around the world. Only through adult education can we address the real problems of society- like power sharing, wealth creation, gender and health issues. said Adama Ouane, director of the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. The programs of the Division of Adult Education and Literacy (part of the U.S. Department of Education) focus on addressing basic skills such as reading, writing, math, English language competency, and problem-solving. The goal is for American adults get the basic skills they need to be productive workers, family members, and citizens. Adult Basic Education In the U.S., each state is responsible for addressing the basic education of their citizens. Official state websites direct people to classes, programs, and organizations designed to teach adults how to read prose, documents like maps and catalogs, and how to make simple computations. Getting a GED Adults who complete basic adult education have the opportunity to earn the equivalent of a high school diploma by taking the General Educational Development, or GED, test. The test, available to citizens who have not graduated from high school, gives them the chance to demonstrate the level of achievement normally achieved by completing a course of study in high school. GED prep resources abound online and in classrooms around the country, designed to help students prepare for the five-part exam. The GED comprehensive exams cover writing, science, social studies, math, arts and interpreting literature. Adult Education and Continuing Education Adult education is synonymous with continuing education. The world of lifelong learning is wide open and covers a variety of circumstances including: Going to college for the first time after age 25Returning to college to finish a degreeWorking toward a graduate degreeLearning a technical skillEarning CEUs for professional certificationTaking classes at your local community center for the sheer fun of it

Operations and Logistics in Riordan Manufacturing Essays

Operations and Logistics in Riordan Manufacturing Essays Operations and Logistics in Riordan Manufacturing Essay Operations and Logistics in Riordan Manufacturing Essay Radians current operations ND logistics and suggestions for improvements will be described. Ordain Manufacturing Operations and Logistics Product Development Product development at Ordain Involves Idea generation, product design, detail engineering, market research and market analysis. This team is responsible for creating, modifying and releasing drawings and word drawings on CAD systems, designing and developing new products, and designing marketing research projects. The operations under product development also include analyzing results, designing and managing. Designing and producing of planned marketing orgasm, evaluating technical and economic factors, recommending engineering and manufacturing actions for attainment of design objectives of process of product is yet another operation under product development assisting in the success of Ordain. Quality Management- Quality team coordinates and directs quality control programs designed to ensure continuous production of products consistent with established standards (Apollo, 2004). Ordain takes quality management serious and the operations, which take place to ensure quality control, quality assurance, and laity Improvement as well as the measures taken to focus on product quality Is extensive and detailed. Operations and Logistics- Logistics team analyze production schedules and determine inbound and outbound logistics needed for assigned plants as well as direct and coordinate program activities with vendors and customers. Logistics team also schedule inbound and outbound shipments, compute freight rates, and direct and coordinate activities of international operations. The Warranty Service team receives records and distributes work orders to service crews upon customers quests for service (Apollo, 2004). Operations and Logistics Systems Ordain Manufacturing utilizes two systems In their operations and logistics Inventory System: used to enter material reception Information, processes. material usage, new inventory sub assembly and final product manufacturing, as well products Tanat nave Eden snapped to ten customer. system: Sales department keeps customer order information in this system. The shipping team uses this system to identify which products and quantity must they draw out of the inventory system. Shipping team also records truck number, date and mime of shipment for tracking purposes. A clerk manually enters most of inventory and shipping information into inventory as well customer shipping and billing systems. Material Reception: Receiving area supervisor received materials during the day, then delivers log to inventory clerk at the end of this. Clerk manually feeds the system. Manufacturing: Manufacturing staff completes inventory usage form; inventory clerk manually feeds system with this data. As manufacturing builds products, staff delivers a form to inventory clerk for manually updating the system tit new inventory information. Shipping: Shipping team fulfills orders based on customer shipping and billing system information. Inventory clerk updates inventory system based on what has been shipped to customer. Ordain Manufacturing Recommended Systems Ordain Manufacturing can greatly improve logistics of the process from raw goods to final products. Ideally, Ordain would be able to process under a zero inventory system. A shipment of raw goods would come in once a day to cover all orders for the day. The receiving area supervisor should have a hand held system here he can find the order of products and check off that it has arrived. This would let the manufacturing sector know that the raw goods are available to for use. The computer system, would then replace the need for the inventory clerk at this point in the process. Manufacturing the raw materials into a product will require the inventory clerk to keep track of what is going to manufacturing and assembly verse going to sub assembly and final productions. The inventory clerk should know where these goods are at all times. At the end of the shift the inventory clerk should have a detailed list f where all the products are in the manufacturing process. Orders are called in by the customers and are entered into the customer shipping and billing system. When the order is entered it should trigger a tally into the system that orders the raw materials. When the order is complete in the manufacturing phase it will be shipped out to the customer. When the order is placed on the truck the boxes should be scanned into a tracking system and will be removed from the inventory list. At the end of the day the inventory clerk will verify what the system says was shipped really was sent to the client. Conclusion There are several areas of improvement opportunity at Radians operations and logistics departments. The key is to minimize manual information gathering and move into a more automated system that can track inventory levels, materials placement, and material storage as well as shipment information accurately, seamlessly and in real time. The organization could benefit from the use of RIFF and Bar codes; nevertheless the technology is important but the process as well.

Affirmative action- Trials within human resource management Term Paper

Affirmative action- Trials within human resource management - Term Paper Example The term â€Å"affirmative action† was first mentioned in the United States when President John F. Kennedy signed the Executive Order 10925 on March 6, 1961; this was then used to refer to initiatives that aimed to attain equality and prevent discrimination By 1965, the Executive Order 11246 was implemented, requiring all national contractors to make use of affirmative action when hiring employees, regardless of national origin, culture, and religion; in 1968, gender was then included in the anti-discrimination list. Aside from the US, other countries have taken similar approaches to promote equality in the society, such as Canada’s employment equity or the United Kingdom’s positive discrimination. Affirmative action is known to be a set of policies that consider gender, race, culture, religion, and national origin for an underprivileged or underrepresented population to obtain equal rights and benefits, thereby contradicting the outcomes of discrimination that h ave been passed down from every generation . Such policies emphasize a wide range of aspects, from health programs and social services to education and employment opportunities. Because affirmative action aims to encourage equal opportunities, it is typically applied in government actions and educational settings to make sure that all groups in the society are involved in such programs. Affirmative action can be exemplified through different forms, such as rigid quotas or encouragement of members of minority groups to apply for employment. Similarly, each intends to increase the number of underrepresented groups in the workplace, educational settings, or in any societal context. Programs that demonstrate affirmative action vary in terms of the extent to which they consider race as an important factor in making decisions and obtaining results. In 2001, representatives from the Americas gathered together to establish policies and implement strategies to combat racial discrimination. I n order to adopt affirmative and positive actions, paramount importance was attached to the creation of conditions for every individual to become involved both in decision making and realizing civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights with regards to all aspects of life on a foundation of non-discrimination (Global Rights, 2005). Such ideas acquired considerable support in the World Conference against Racism with which the Declaration and Programme of Action points out affirmative action as fundamental factor for the global struggle against discrimination. Due to the fact that international law promotes affirmative action, national and international treaties along with regional and global institutions have attempted to integrate countless norms that support equality and non-discrimination; more states are also being required to take on active roles in guaranteeing such rights. While a number of norms state that affirmative action is permissible, this form of positive a ction can be made mandatory by others. While the form and outline of such norms may slightly vary, nonetheless, international law requires that all states be involved in promoting affirmative action. Guidelines for Affirmative Action Plans and Programs Affirmative action should be supported in all contexts, such as in educational and workplace settings; therefore, educational institutions and organizations have proposed guidelines to promote equality among all individuals (Kravitz, Bludau, and Klineberg, 2008). For instance, American universities, in their intentions of seeking employees, have established guidelines for their affirmative action programs, directed towards women, minority groups, people with disabilities, and veterans, to which academic and staff members should comply. For instance, university policies that affect staff members should be reviewed to ensure the provision of equitable treatment for every employee, compliance with the legal requirements for avoidance of discrimination and equal employment opportunity, as well